Fair+Use+and+Copyright-Friendly+Resources

===As teachers and students rely more on multimedia production, what are the rules about using images, sound and video from online sources? What constitutes fair use? What sources provide copyright-friendly material? And how do we teach students to practice good "digital citizenship" in the 21st century?===

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We all know about ©, right!? **Copyright** is a form of giving the creator of original work credit and control over the use of that work for a certain period of time. After a certain period of time the work then enters the **public domain**. Copyright does not however prohibit all use of a designated work. In the Unitied States, the Copyright Act of 1976 included what is known as the //fair use doctrine// to provide some balance to creators and users of material. **Fair use** is the right to use copyrighted material without permission or payment under some circumstances—especially when the cultural or social benefits of the use are predominant, as in teaching and learning. **Fair use guidelines** include four factors that are to be considered in determining whether a work might be used without seeking the creator's expressed permission:
 * 1) the purpose and character of the use
 * 2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
 * 3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
 * 4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

Since the fair use guidelines are not clear cut do's and don'ts and have situational application, there has been a tendency for educators to either hypercomply to copyright--avoiding legal and appropriate fair use or to, for all intent and purposes, ignore copyright consideration-- "what are the chances I'll get caught?". Add to that new online technologies that can easily incorporate or manipulate original work and copyright rules become even more unclear. But if the premise seems just, that a person who creates original work deserves credit and some say over the use of such work, then it's important for educators to have some knowledge and to guide students in practicing sound and ethical use of original sources. These considerations are part of practicing good **digital citizenship**, one of the [|National Educational Technology Standards].

In November 2008, a group of educators drafted the [|**Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Media Literacy Education**] modeled after a code created by documentary filmmakers. It identifies five principles that represent the media literacy education community’s current consensus about acceptable practices for the fair use of copyrighted materials.

Additionally [|Creative Commons], a movement to create copy-friendly licenses so work might be more transparently shared, is a growing alternative to the defacto "all rights reserved" copyright. The Creative Commons options are easy to understand and easy to obtain. Students can apply for creative common licenses on their original works.

**Following are articles and resources about fair use, Creative Commons, digital citizenship and some online resources that staff and students can access that are copyright friendly for multimedia projects:**
 * [|Fair Use of Fair Use by Doug Johnson]
 * [|Ten Common Misunderstandings about Fair Use]
 * [|Teaching Copyright]
 * [|Cyberbee-] Interactive Flash page with questions/answers related to copyright and fair use.
 * [|The Owl at Purdue, online writing lab -]Sections on Research and Citation as well as Internet Literacy offer support for teaching about fair use, citation and more.
 * [|Teaching Digital Citizenship-] Resources and lesson ideas from two Kansas State University faculty. One interesting lesson has students reflect on their "[|digital compass]". Includes current news articles related to each of the [|nine themes] of digital citizenship.
 * [|Digital Citizenship Ning-] Resources contributed by members.
 * [|Public domain definition] What is public domain, how and when works enter in the public domain?.

//A Shared Culture//** media type="youtube" key="1DKm96Ftfko" height="344" width="425"
 * What is Creative Commons?


 * [|Creative Commons-] Students can learn about various levels of creative commons licenses as well as license their own work.
 * [|Creative Commons in the Classroom-] A slideshow with ideas for how to use creative commons as a resource in the classroom including teaching students about copyright and the importance of crediting others for their work.
 * [|SpinXPress-]Searches for images, audio and video including the type of licensing attached to that media
 * [|Wikipedia Commons-]Freely usable images, sounds, video--anyone can contribute

__**Images**__
 * [|Public Domain Images] Several thousand photos nicely organized in folders, free for any personal and commercial use.
 * [|BurningWell.org-] Public Domain photos
 * [|Flickr advanced search -]Allows you to enable results with Creative Commons licenses.
 * [|Flickr CC Blue Mountains-] Displays attribution
 * [|Free Digital Photos]
 * [|Library of Congress photostream]
 * [|NASA multimedia-]Images and video
 * [|FreeMediaGoo]
 * [|Open Photo-] Free stock images
 * [|Pics4Learning]
 * [|Stock.xchng-]Searchable copyright-free stock photos
 * [|Public Domain Pictures]
 * [|U.S. Government Photos and Images-]Most in public domain

__**Audio**__ > Share your music, download your favorite artists!" media type="custom" key="2896731"
 * [|ccmixter]
 * [|Incompetech Royalty Free Music]- Can search by genre or the music feel ("action", "somber", "mystical", etc.)
 * [|Jamendo-] "A community of free, legal and unlimited music published under Creative Commons licenses.
 * [|Magnatune Podsafe Audio]
 * [|Project Playlist-]A music browser in which you can create a playlist of selected music to display on blog, wiki or other website. "Our purpose is to help you find and enjoy music legally throughout the web in the same way that other search engines help you find webpages, images, and other media, but we also add a social /community twist."
 * [|SoundClick]
 * [|Soundsnap-] Lots of music clips and sound effects
 * [|Soungle-]Royalty Free sound search engine
 * [|Splice-]Remix sounds to create new music


 * __Video__**
 * [|BlipTV]
 * [|Internet Archive of Open Source Video]
 * [|PD Comedy -] Public Domain cartoons and old comedy shows mainly
 * [|Teacher Tube]
 * [|WGBH Sandbox-] Boston's PBS partner. "**The Sandbox** is the Lab's way of sharing high-quality video clips with you – for free. Use our clips to make a mash-up, documentary, music video, or whatever!"
 * Streaming Video Pathfinder- Many other possibilities